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Introduction: Galbanum essential oil, derived from the resin of the Ferula galbaniflua plant, has been an integral part of traditional medicine for centuries. With its distinct earthy aroma and a rich history in healing practices, galbanum essential oil has recently gained attention for its diverse therapeutic properties. In this comprehensive article, we explore the historical roots, chemical composition, and a wide range of medicinal applications that make galbanum essential oil a valuable asset in the realm of natural medicine. Historical Significance: Galbanum's medicinal use can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where it held a revered status in cultures like ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The resin was utilized for its aromatic and healing properties, finding applications in religious ceremonies, skincare, and medicinal formulations. Galbanum's historical significance is deeply intertwined with its role in incense, perfumes, and ointments, reflecting its esteemed position in ancient therapeutic practices. Chemical Composition and Pharmacology: The therapeutic efficacy of galbanum essential oil arises from its complex chemical composition, which includes compounds such as β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, and cadinene. One of the key constituents, β-pinene, contributes to galbanum's anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Myrcene, on the other hand, exhibits analgesic properties, making galbanum essential oil a potential candidate for pain management. Medicinal Applications: 1.     Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Galbanum essential oil has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects, making it a valuable asset in the management of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and muscle pain. The oil's ability to inhibit inflammatory pathways provides relief from pain and swelling, offering a natural alternative to traditional anti-inflammatory medications. 2.     Respiratory Health: Galbanum essential oil holds promise in respiratory health due to its expectorant and decongestant properties. Inhalation of the oil may help alleviate symptoms of respiratory conditions like bronchitis, asthma, and coughs. Its ability to promote clear breathing makes it a valuable addition to aromatherapy blends for respiratory support. 3.     Wound Healing: The antimicrobial properties of galbanum essential oil contribute to its efficacy in wound healing. Applied topically, the oil may help prevent infections, reduce inflammation, and promote the regeneration of damaged tissues. Its mild analgesic effects can also provide relief from pain associated with wounds and injuries. 4.     Skin Care: Galbanum essential oil offers benefits for the skin, including anti-aging and rejuvenating effects. Rich in antioxidants, the oil helps protect the skin from oxidative stress, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. Its antimicrobial properties make it a potential ally in addressing acne and other skin conditions. 5.     Emotional Well-being: The aroma of galbanum essential oil is believed to have grounding and calming effects on the mind and emotions. In aromatherapy, the oil is often used to reduce stress, anxiety, and nervous tension. Its soothing scent can be diffused or applied topically in diluted form for emotional balance. Conclusion: Galbanum essential oil emerges as a versatile and potent healer, drawing from its historical legacy and the scientific understanding of its chemical constituents. From addressing inflammatory conditions to promoting respiratory health, wound healing, and emotional well-being, galbanum essential oil exemplifies the multifaceted nature of natural medicine. As we continue to unravel the therapeutic marvels of this ancient remedy, galbanum essential oil takes its place as a valuable and holistic option in the pursuit of well-being and healing in both traditional and modern medicine.

Asafoetida: A pungent spice Overview: Asafoetida, also known as "hing," is a resin derived from the roots of certain plants in the Ferula family. Widely used in cooking, especially in Indian cuisine, it imparts a distinctive flavor and aroma to various dishes. Culinary Uses: 1. Flavor enhancer: Known for its strong scent and unique taste often described as a blend of onion and garlic, asafoetida is used in small quantities to enhance the flavor of dishes. 2. Plant-based substitute: In some cultures, asafoetida serves as a key ingredient in vegetarian cooking, providing its umami flavor and serving as a substitute for onions and garlic. Traditional Medicine: 1. Digestive aid: Traditional medicine utilizes asafoetida as a digestive aid, believed to be effective in reducing bloating and aiding digestion. 2. Respiratory benefits: Some traditional practices suggest that asafoetida may be beneficial for respiratory issues such as asthma and bronchitis. Usage Tips: 1. Caution in quantity: Due to its strong taste, using asafoetida sparingly in dishes is crucial. A small spoonful may suffice. 2. Cooking technique: Asafoetida is often added to hot oil or ghee to release its flavor. Conclusion: The unique taste and potential health benefits make asafoetida a valuable addition to various culinary genres and traditional medicinal practices. For culinary explorers or those seeking digestive support, this pungent spice offers a rich history of adding flavor and goodness to both.

Medicinal Properties and Recent Research Introduction: Saffron extract, derived from the red stigma of the saffron flower, has gained prominence in the pharmaceutical industry due to its valuable medicinal properties. This article explores the characteristics and applications of saffron extract in the pharmaceutical industry, highlighting the most recent research in this field. Medicinal Properties: 1. Anti-inflammatory: Recognized as a potent anti-inflammatory compound, saffron extract has been shown to effectively reduce various inflammations in the body. 2. Antioxidant: With high antioxidant properties, saffron extract protects against oxidative damage caused by oxidative activities. 3. Anti-depressant: Research indicates that saffron extract may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry: 1. Brain Health Improvement: Saffron extract is acknowledged as a beneficial substance for enhancing brain function and reducing the risk of neurological disorders. 2. Blood Sugar Control: Positive effects on blood sugar levels and insulin resistance have been studied. 3. Cell Protection: The antioxidant properties of saffron extract contribute to cellular protection against oxidative stress. Recent Research: Recent studies demonstrate that saffron extract can be effective in treating certain mental disorders, improving heart health, and even reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Due to these capabilities, saffron extract has emerged as an appealing option in the pharmaceutical industry. Conclusion: Saffron extract, rich in active compounds with diverse medicinal properties, plays a crucial role not only in the pharmaceutical industry but also in promoting overall health. Further research in this area holds the potential for the development of novel herbal treatments and medications.

Rose, as a significant component in perfumery, is recognized as a symbol of love, beauty, and femininity. Cultivated in various types worldwide, each variant with its distinctive characteristics is utilized in perfumes with specific blends. 1. Damask Rose: - Known for its sweet and gentle fragrance, Damask Rose claims its place as a beloved flower in perfumery. Fragrances incorporating this element are often designed to evoke emotional and romantic feelings. 2. Bulgarian Rose: - Famous as the rose of the fields, it carries a bitter and fresh scent, contributing to the creation of cool and sporty fragrances. It is commonly used in men's perfumes as well. 3. French Rose: - French rose, with its cool and bitter scent, is employed in the production of men's fragrances. This combination is often paired with other elements like vetiver or musk. 4. Turkish Rose: - With its sweet and pleasant aroma, Turkish rose is typically used in creating women's perfumes. This variety results in warm and feminine fragrances. 5. Blend with Other Elements: - Rose, as a primary component, is usually combined with other elements such as vanilla, musk, sandalwood, and fresh fruits to create a more diverse and mature fragrance. 6. Psychological Impact: - The scent of roses is recognized for its calming and energizing properties in psychological aspects. In fragrance psychology, some believe that the aroma of roses can enhance positive emotions, providing a sense of calmness and joy. 7. Innovations: - Perfumers constantly strive to transform the fragrance experience through new and creative combinations. Innovations in blending rose with unconventional elements result in unique and captivating perfumes. Each of these rose varieties and their uses in perfumery offers diverse and distinctive olfactory experiences to the consumers. The versatility and creativity in utilizing rose contribute to the allure of the perfume industry.

Introduction: The art of perfume-making has been passed down through the ages and holds a special place in the beauty industry today. In this article, we delve into the methods of crafting perfume using roses. Steps in Making Perfume with Roses: 1. Selecting Rose Flowers: Choosing high-quality rose flowers is crucial for crafting perfume. Fresh and fragrant roses are preferred for this purpose. 2. Extracting Fragrance from Rose Flowers: Various methods exist for extracting fragrance from rose flowers, including using essential oils or different solvent extraction techniques. 3. Blending the Perfume: After extracting the fragrance from rose flowers, blend it with other additives like alcohol or pear essence. This stage is known as the blending or "elevating" process of the perfume. 4. Testing and Adjusting: After blending the perfume, test it and make necessary adjustments if needed. This step is crucial to ensure the perfume achieves the desired precision. Conclusion: Crafting perfume with roses is an artistic and beautifying process that relies on the skills and sensibilities of the creator. With careful selection of roses, effective extraction, intelligent blending, and meticulous testing, you can create a unique and captivating perfume. Rose extraction typically refers to the process of obtaining essential oil or other extracts from roses. It involves extracting the aromatic compounds from rose petals, often through methods like steam distillation or solvent extraction. Rose extraction is widely used in the perfume and cosmetic industries for its pleasant fragrance and potential therapeutic benefits. The extracted oil is known for its calming properties and is used in various products such as perfumes, skincare, and aromatherapy. The process is meticulous, requiring a large quantity of rose petals to produce a small amount of concentrated oil.

ROSE FLOWER Rose Flower helps soothe skin, minimize pores, and reduce fine lines, to help you get the healthy skin of your dreams. It is a staple ingredient in many natural rose water products; it has antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Rosewater traditionally was used as an antiseptic agent for eye washing. Red roses are a symbol of love, passion, and desire, and are often given as a romantic gesture. Here are 12 amazing facts about red roses: 12 Amazing Red Rose Facts 1 Red roses are the most popular type of rose. The red rose has been the symbol of love and passion for centuries. 2 Red roses are native to Asia, Europe, and North America, and have been cultivated for thousands of years. 3 The color red is associated with strong emotions such as love, passion, and desire, which is why red roses are often given as a romantic gesture. 4 Red roses are high in vitamin C, which is believed to boost the immune system and promote healthy skin. 5 Red roses are a rich source of antioxidants, which are believed to help protect against heart disease and cancer. We highly recommend avoiding consumption of red roses used in floral arrangements. 6 Red roses contain compounds that may help to lower blood pressure and reduce stress. Ah, I feel at ease already! 7 The red rose was the favorite flower of Venus, the Roman goddess of love, and is often associated with romance and passion. 8 In medieval times, red roses were often associated with martyrdom and sacrifice, and were used to decorate the tombs of martyrs. 9 In the Victorian era, red roses were often used to symbolize deep love and respect, and their given as a gesture of devotion. More than a Valentine’s day cliche, roses are the most loved flower in the world and with good reason, these flowers are astonishingly versatile. They come in a stunning array of shapes, sizes and shades, making them a favourite in yards and gardens around the world. Whats more Roses are edible frequently enjoyed by the ancient Romans and Egyptians. Keep reading if you’d like to learn more fascinating facts about this astonishing bloom 10 The rose is the national flower of England - the red rose is the symbol of the British Royal Family. 11 Red roses are often used in wedding bouquets and decorations, and are a traditional symbol of love and commitment. 12 Red roses are believed to have aphrodisiac properties, and are sometimes given as a symbol of desire or lust. A Few Bonus Facts About Rose Use In 1998, a rose named Overnight Scentsation, pun completely intended, was sent into orbit on the STS-95 Discovery Mission. It was the first rose to be sent into outer space. Did you know rose petals are completely edible, and can even be eaten raw? It’s also common to soak them in water to create rose water. If that’s not enough, rose syrup can be created by adding sugar to aforementioned rose water, delicious. That’s not the only edible part though. Roses can grow small fruit, known as rosehip, usually of red, orange, or dark purple color. The rosehip fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C, and it’s commonly used to make tea. As expected, their edible properties and the existence of vitamin C rich tea made them favorable in many historic medicinal practices, such as traditional Chinese medicine. Roses are commonly used to create perfume, by extracting the essential oil from their flowerheads. The amount of oil in each flower is very miniscule, so it takes around 2000 flowers to extract just THEIR FRAGRANCE IS USED TO MAKE PERFUMES We all know the saying: Stop and smell the roses. Well, roses weren’t chosen for this phrase by chance; their lovely aroma is a popular floral scent and is even used in many perfumes. Specifically, rose oil has been an important ingredient in the perfume industry for centuries. The process of extracting rose oil from flowers requires a huge amount of roses; just one gram of oil is produced from two thousand roses. The rose scent comes from microscopic perfume glands on the petals. I was astonished to learn that the Rose Valley in Bulgaria produces 85% of the world’s rose oil. The rose scent is one of the flower’s most treasured characteristics. Greeks and Romans made perfume from roses, and to this day, their scent is an important element in many of the world’s best and most successful perfume blends. Centifolia and damask roses are the most common choices used to make perfume. The petals are gathered at night as they are at their most fragrant just before sunrise. The essential oils are extracted and used to mix other ingredients in order to make perfume. a gram of rose oil for perfume production. Rosewater is a by-product of the process that makes rose oil. Rosewater is used in perfumes and also in cosmetics, as a flavouring, and in medicines. It is also used in Middle Eastern cuisine, also referred to as ‘rose syrup’, the French use it as a flavouring. The rose-flavoured liquid is added to desserts, meringue, marshmallows, and drinks for a distinctive taste. What is special about the rose flower? The rose scent is one of the flower's most treasured characteristics. Greeks and Romans made perfume from roses, and to this day, their scent is an important element in many of the world's best and most successful perfume blends. Centifolia and damask roses are the most common choices used to make perfume. EACH ROSE COLOUR HAS A DIFFERENT MEANING Everyone knows that roses have long been a symbol of love, but the colour choice also plays a role in what a rose symbolizes. Also it is important to emphasise that meanings can vary in different cultures. The following rose colours in the western world are commonly associated with the following meanings: Red: Love & Romance Pink: Grace & Elegance Yellow: Friendship & Cheer White: Purity & Innocence & Spirituality Orange: Enthusiasm & Energy THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS BLACK ROSE OR BLUE ROSE Sorry to disappoint, but there is no such thing as ‘black’ roses. What might sometimes be referred to as a black rose is actually a dark red rose. A good example is “The Black Rose of Turkey”, is a breed that appears pitch-black to the eye, but in actuality it is a dark reddish-crimson colour. True-blue pigments don’t occur naturally in Roses. There are lots of good purples among the old roses and hundreds of excellent mauves and lilacs were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s (think of Sterling Silver, Lavender Dream and Lilac Charm) as the unexpected result of breeding for vigour. Rhapsody in Blue, a vigorous shrub with smoky-purple flowers, is one of the most popular of modern roses, but it’s not the sort of blue we’re looking for. The truth is that the only way to get clear blues into our roses is by doing a bit of genetic modification in the lab. This is something that many people disapprove of, conveniently forgetting that the History of all plant-breeding is basically a history of genetic improvement. In 2004, researchers used genetic modification to create roses that contain the blue pigment delphinidin, but such roses still are better described as mauves and lilacs not blue. I hope these facts about roses help you enjoy your favourite flower even more! When it comes to roses, there’s more to them than meets the eye. Sure, roses are renowned for their beauty and symbolic meaning, but they’re also an incredibly interesting flower with a rich history. This article only scratched a surface of rose facts, so check out my other posts about roses for more information.

The effects of anthocyanin in rose Rosa damascena essential oil is one of the most valuable and important basic materials in the flavoring industry. It also has some medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthocyanin and the essential oil content of rose petals in 6 important rose growing areas in some regions of Iran, for example Meimand, Lizengan, Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz, Shiraz Agricultural College, Kashan and Urmia. The results of this research showed that the amount of essential oil and anthocyanin in petals harvested in different places is significantly different. The highest amount of essential oil (155.0%) and anthocyanin content (368.2) was obtained from Eram Botanical Garden in Shiraz. A high positive correlation (linear rqqq = 0.812) was obtained between the essential oil and anthocyanins of the rose. Rose and its use in transformation industries Rose is the most popular ornamental plant that is systematically cultivated due to its appearance, fragrance, wide range of colors and essence. The three species Rosa damascena (pink rose), R. centifolia (light pink rose) and R. alba (white rose) are mainly used in the production of rose essential oil and flower extract, while flower cultivars Today's damascena are cultivated exclusively for flower and plant industries and floriculture. In the perfumery industry, Rosa damascena is the most important species for the production of rose fragrance, which is made by distilling the essence of the flowers. It is also widely used in making rose water and as a flavoring agent. At this time, the provinces of Fars and Isfahan in Iran were the centers of global rose damascena produce, which were exported to world and specialy Persian Gulf (Arabian Countries). Flower color as well as their fragrance is essential to attract pollinators and hence to the evolutionary success of plants. These two attributes (color and fragrance) are very important in terms of attracting ornamental consumers. The rose damascena plant has been widely studied in the last few decades, and today, as a result of a deeper understanding of the past, a fundamental and fundamental way to improve the performance of crops is under control. Investigation of the color of roses has so far shown that four anthocyanins, 3-glucosides and 3,5-diglucosides of cyanidin and punidin, can be detected in the flowers of wild rose species, as well as 3,5-platargonidin and 3,5-pilargonidin. Diglucoside was identified in the cultivars of Rose. The relationship between essential oil compounds and the color of the rose flower A study by Nakamura et al. showed that there is a close correlation between the choice of flower color and the composition of essential oils during the day. Zwi et al. showed that with the increase of anthocyanin pigment, the production of phenylpropanoid compounds/volatile benzoides increased up to 10 times in Petunia. However, in recent years, a number of researchers have recognized that flower odor and flower color may occur in specific combinations for reasons other than concurrent selective pressures. In particular, with the recognition of at least two independent sources of direct biosynthetic connections between these floral traits, the potential for shared biochemical pathways between pigment and essential oil has received much attention. First, the synthesis of anthocyanin pigments (blue, purple and red colors in flower tissue) and the production of some volatile benzoid /phenylpropanoid compounds both represent significant branching pathways through which plants use phenylalanine as a common new body constituent. , they produce a large amount of pigments, structural materials, phytohormones and defensive compounds. Second, the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol (MEP) biosynthesis pathway with local plasticity in plants can lead to the production of carotenoid pigments (eg, yellow, orange, and red) and volatile hemotropenoid and apocarotenoid compounds. In both cases mentioned, several researchers have hypothesized that pleotrope interactions in biosynthesis pathways may preadapt plants to produce specific aromatic pigment combinations, such that pigment production, type and rate of volatile synthesis in flower tissue. determines Investigating the relationship between the composition of essential oils of several flowers and their color Several field studies have evaluated this underlying mechanism with mixed results. Research with Dactylorhiza romana shows that the red and yellow forms differ in the relative amounts of benzaldehyde and linalool they emit, with the yellow forms emitting more benzaldehyde and less linalool, while some Red forms release large amounts of linoleic acid. In contrast, research on foxglove found no correlation between purple/white color and odor release pattern, and no strong scent differences between the red and white forms of foxglove. Investigating the scent and color of flowers in Hesperis matronalis has yielded contradictory patterns.A small-scale study found population-specific differences between the odor and aroma of white forms, while a larger study found no statistically significant difference between colored forms in terms of aroma. Unfortunately, field studies such as these cannot control for genetic background differences in a novel way. Anthocyanin mutation in different forms of flowers For example, white flower forms in a polymorphic population may result from any of a number of mutations in the anthocyanin pathway, some reducing metabolic changes in the entire pathway, others increasing the accumulation of unstable precursors. and others simply affect the most proximal steps (eg, a nonfunctional biosynthetic enzyme) in pigment biosynthesis. However, all these mutations are lumped together for analysis as "white" forms, obscuring the underlying mechanisms that prevent pigment accumulation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the anthocyanin and essential oil content of the petals of 6 important and valuable roses in some regions of Iran (Meimand, Lizangan, Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz, Shiraz Agricultural College, Kashan and Urmia). Isolation of essential oil from rose petals The following materials and methods are used to separate essential oil from rose petals and check the correlation of anthocyanin content with it. Plant material: Rose petals in the flowering period that starts from May to mid-June, (depending on the amount of sunshine and the altitude of the growing area) from Maimand, Lizengan, Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz and Shiraz Agricultural University (southern region of Iran) ), Kashan (central region of Iran) and Urmia (northern region of Iran) were collected. The flowers were harvested early in the morning, when they started flowering. Anthocyanin content: To determine the amount of anthocyanin, 100 mg of fresh flower tissue was extracted in 1 ml of methanol containing 1% HCl, after overnight incubation in the dark at 4 °C with rotation at 150 rpm. The extract was centrifuged at 10,500 g for 10 minutes. The amount of anthocyanin in the supernatant was determined using the formula: A657 - 0.25 A530. Isolation of essential oil: The flowers collected from the studied plants were dried at room temperature (less than 25°C) in a shaded place for 10 days. The dried samples (50 g, four times for each region) were placed for 4 hours using an all-glass Clevenger watertight apparatus to extract the essential oils according to the method provided by the European Pharmacopoeia. be measured by gram (W/W%) method. The results of the research and investigation of the essential oil and anthocyanin of the rose flower The results of this research showed that the amount of essential oil in petals harvested in different places is significantly different (P≤0.05). The highest amount of essential oil (0.1515 percent) was obtained from Eram Botanical Garden of Shiraz, which was significantly different from other regions. Dr.Sefidkan et al reported the performance of the essential oil of four samples of Rosa Damascena (two samples from the National Botanical Garden of Iran with the source of Kashan and Skou, one sample from Kashan and one sample from Chalus Road) and showed that between all the samples There is a significant difference between the tests. The findings of the present study showed that the amount of anthocyanin is significantly different (P 0.05) in the petals harvested in different places. The highest amount of anthocyanin (368.2) was obtained from Eram Botanical Garden of Shiraz (Table 1). A high positive correlation (linear rqqq = 0.812) was obtained between the essential oil and anthocyanin of the rose flower. On the other hand, with the increase of anthocyanin concentration in the petals, the amount of essential oil has increased in the tested area. Zwi et al. reported that there is a trait correlation in the cooperation between fragrance and color biosynthesis in petunia flowers. It has also been shown that this aroma is affected by modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, revealing an interesting connection between two secondary metabolic pathways in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Investigating the correlation between essential oil and anthosanin In most studies that explicitly examine the relationship between scent and flower pigments, mutations in the anthocyanin pathway lead directly to changes in the release of benzoid molecules such as methylbenzoate and benzaldehyde. In other studies, the connections between anthocyanins and benzenoids have been hypothesized to be due to conserved biochemical pathways, where a similar link between benzenoids and anthocyanins may exist. After all, the results reported here showed that the high level of genetic diversity in the fields of Iranian Rosa damascena flower grown in Iran and different environmental conditions have an effect on the essential oil and anthocyanin content in Iranian Rosa damascena flower. In addition, there is a significant correlation between essential oil content and anthocyanin concentration, which can be used as an indicator of essential oil quantity in this plant.

In modern perfumery, galbanum is valued for its unique, fresh, and green scent. It is considered a key ingredient in many high-quality fragrances, often used to add depth and complexity. Galbanum's crisp and resinous notes contribute to both floral and green compositions, making it versatile in creating a wide range of olfactory experiences. Perfumers use galbanum to enhance top notes and provide a natural, earthy element to fragrances. It is commonly paired with citrus, florals, and woods to create well-balanced and sophisticated scents. The resin's longevity and ability to harmonize with other ingredients make it a sought-after component in the art of modern perfumery. Galbanum is often classified as a "green" note in perfumery, adding a leafy, herbal, and slightly bitter character to fragrances. Here are some additional details about its role in modern perfumery: 1. Top Note: Galbanum is frequently used as a top note in perfumes, which means it is one of the first scents you perceive when you apply a fragrance. Its fresh and invigorating qualities make it suitable for creating an initial impression. 2. Blending Properties: Perfumers appreciate galbanum for its blending capabilities. It can harmonize disparate fragrance components and enhance the overall composition without overpowering other notes. 3. Green and Earthy Accents: The resinous quality of galbanum contributes to a fragrance's green and earthy aspects. This makes it a popular choice for perfumes inspired by nature or those aiming for a more natural, outdoorsy vibe. 4. Versatility: Galbanum is versatile and complements various scent families. It can be found in floral, chypre, and oriental fragrances, showcasing its adaptability across different perfume categories. 5. Historical Significance: Galbanum has a long history in perfumery, dating back to ancient times. Its enduring presence in modern formulations highlights its timeless appeal and enduring popularity among perfumers. Overall, galbanum's multifaceted aromatic profile and ability to contribute to different facets of a fragrance make it a prized ingredient in the intricate art of perfumery. "Scented Symphony: Galbanum's Noble Role in Perfumery Artistry" The noble cause of using galbanum in perfumery lies in its contribution to the creation of unique, sophisticated, and harmonious fragrances. Several aspects make galbanum a valuable and noble ingredient in the world of perfumery: 1. Artistic Expression: Perfumery is an art form, and galbanum provides perfumers with a versatile and expressive tool. Its complex aromatic profile allows for the creation of fragrances that stand out, telling a story and invoking emotions through scent. 2. Natural and Sustainable Sourcing: Galbanum is traditionally extracted from the Ferula gummosa plant, and its use in perfumery encourages sustainable and responsible sourcing practices. Ethical harvesting ensures the conservation of plant species and supports biodiversity. 3. Cultural and Historical Significance: Galbanum has a rich history, dating back to ancient times, and has been part of cultural and religious rituals. Its inclusion in perfumery pays homage to this heritage, connecting modern fragrance creations to age-old traditions. 4. Versatility and Complexity: Galbanum's versatility allows it to complement a wide range of fragrance families, contributing to the complexity and depth of perfumes. Its presence adds nuance and character, elevating the overall olfactory experience. 5. Positive Impact on Mood: Some individuals associate the green and fresh qualities of galbanum with positive and uplifting feelings. In this sense, using galbanum in perfumery can contribute to enhancing the wearer's mood and well-being. 6. Contribution to Perfume Longevity: Galbanum's fixative properties aid in extending the longevity of perfumes. This is not only beneficial for individuals who appreciate a long-lasting fragrance but also aligns with sustainability by reducing the need for frequent reapplication . In essence, the noble cause of using galbanum in perfumery lies in its role as a botanical treasure that enhances the art of fragrance creation while promoting sustainability, cultural heritage, and positive sensory experiences. "Galbanum Serenade: Perfume Symphonies Featuring Nature's Essence" Viper Green Ex Nihilo for women and men Viper Green by Ex Nihilo is a Woody Aromatic fragrance for women and men. Viper Green was launched in 2017. Top note is Mandarin Orange; middle note is Galbanum; base note is Vetiver. main accords green aromatic citrus woody balsamic earthy Miss Dior Eau de Toilette Originale Dior for women Miss Dior Eau de Toilette Originale by Dior is a Chypre Floral fragrance for women. Miss Dior Eau de Toilette Originale was launched in 2011. Top note is Galbanum; middle note is Jasmine Sambac; base note is Patchouli. main accords green patchouli white floral aromatic balsamic woody warm spicy earthy Cool Water Reborn Davidoff for men Cool Water Reborn by Davidoff is a Aromatic Fougere fragrance for men. This is a new fragrance. Cool Water Reborn was launched in 2022. main accords aromatic green woody fresh spicy

Pharmacological Effects of Rosa Damascena Rosa damascena mill L., known as Gole Mohammadi in is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family flowers. R. damascena is an ornamental plant and beside perfuming effect, several pharmacological properties including anti-HIV, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, hypnotic, antidiabetic, and relaxant effect on tracheal chains have been reported for this plant. This article is a comprehensive review on pharmacological effects of R. damascena. Rosa damascena mill L, commonly known as Damask rose, is known as Gole Mohammadi in Iran . It is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family. Rosaceae are well- known ornamental plants and have been referred to as the king of flowers . At present time, over 200 rose species and more than 18000 cultivars form of the plant have been identified . Apart from the use of R. damascena as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, and houses, they are principally cultivated for using in perfume, medicine and food industry . However, R. damascena is mainly known for its perfuming effects . The rose water were scattered at weddings to ensure a happy marriage and are symbol of love and purity and are also used to aid meditation and prayer. There is a strong bond between Iranians and this plant. Its popularity is not only because of the medicinal effects but also is due to holy beliefs about it. People call this plant Flower of Prophet Mohammed (Gole mohammadi), because they believe its nice aroma reminds them of prophet Mohammad . At the present time, this plant is cultivated in Iran (especially in Kashan) for preparing rose water and essential oil . Because of the low oil content in R. damascena and the lack of natural and synthetic substitutes, essential rose oil of this plant is one of the most expensive ones in the world markets . The R. damascena has also been used for medicinal purposes . Various products and isolated constituents from flowers, petals and hips (seed-pot) of this plant have been studied in a variety of in vivo and in vitro studies. However, there are not any reviews to collect pharmacological effects of R. damascena in the present time. Therefore, in this review we collect and discuss important pharmacological effects of R. damascena that recently have been published in numerous studies. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Several components were isolated from flowers, petals and hips (seed-pot) of R. damascena including terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins . This plant contains carboxylic acid , myrcene , vitamin C , kaempferol and quarcetin. Flowers also contain a bitter principle, tanning matter, fatty oil and organic acids . Loghmani-Khouzani et al (2007) found more than 95 macro- and micro-components in the essential oil of R. damascena from the Kashan regions of . Among them, eighteen compounds represented more than 95% of the total oil. The identified compounds were; β-citronellol (14.5-47.5%), nonadecane (10.5-40.5%), geraniol (5.5-18%), and nerol and kaempferol were the major components of the oil (2). Analyses of rose absolute showed that phenyl ethylalcohol (78.38%), citrenellol (9.91%), nonadecane (4.35%) and geraniol (3.71%) ethanol (0.00-13.43%), and heneicosane were the major compounds (35). In another study, the composition of rose was phenyl ethylalcohol (72.73–73.80%), citrenellol (10.62–11.26%), nerol (2.42–2.47%), and geranial (5.58–5.65%) (36). Hydrosol was also found to contain four constituents; geraniol was the major compound (30.74%) followed by citrenellol (29.44%), phenyl ethylalcohol (23.74%), and nerol (16.12%) (9, 35). The medicinal functions of Rosaceae are partly attributed to their abundance of phenolics compound. Phenolics possess a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidants, free-radical scavengers, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antidepressant . The medicinal properties of R. damascena Antibacterial effects R.  damascena  has  wide  spectrum  antibacterial  activities against  Escherichia  coli,  Pseudomonas  aeruginosa,  B. subtilis,  Staph.  aureus,  Chromobacterium  violaceum  and Erwinia  carotovora  strains.  The  most  sensitive microorganism against rose essential oil was C. violaceum. E. coli  was  also  sensitive  against  rose essential.  Rose absolute also showed antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and  gram-positive  bacteria .  The  essential  oil  of  R. damascena  remarkably  inhibited  the  growth  of  the  three strains  of  Xanthomonas  axonopodis  spp.  The  in  vitro antibacterial activities of essential oil  from R.  damasce were also  shown  by  disk diffusion  testing against  E.  coli, Staph. aureus  and  Ps.  aeruginosa.  R.  Damascena  showed antimicrobial activity against Staph. aureus in this study . Antibacterial  effect  of  major  components  of  rose  oil (citronellol,  geraniol  and  nerol)  was  reported.  Therefore, Antibacterial  effect  of  rose  oil  maybe  mediated  by  these components.  Antibacterial properties  of rose  absolute could be  attributed  to  its  high  phenylethyl  alcohol  content.  The antimicrobial  properties of  alcohols have been  known for  a long time Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects R. damascena posse’s antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity of  hydro-alcoholic extract of  petals and essential  oil of this plant was also evaluated by DPPH for measurement of free  radical  scavenging  activity  and  by  ferric  ammonium thiocyanate  method  for  evaluation  of  lipid  peroxidation properties.  Additionally,  three  flavonol  glycosides  of ethanolic  extract  including  quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside have antioxidant activity. However, the potential of this effect is  maybe  due  to  existence  of  quercetin  3-O-glucoside  and other  flavonoids in  the  extract  . Damask  Rose showed  a potent  antioxidant  and  lipid  peroxidation  inhibitory  effects comparable  to Vitamin  E suggesting  that the  rose can  be  a method  of  treatment  and  prevention  of  many  free  radical diseases.  The  rose  also  contains  vitamin  C  which  has antioxidant  and  anti-inflammatory  effects    In  a  recent study, the effects of a rose-flower extract on the mortality rate of  Drosophila  melanogaster  was  evaluated.  Supplementing Drosophila  with  the  plant  extract  resulted  in  a statistically significant decrease in mortality rate in male and female flies. The  study  also  observed  anti-aging  effects  of  the  flower Therefore;  R.  damascena  can  extend  Drosophila  life  span without affecting physiological mechanisms R. damascena effect on respiratory function This plant significantly reduce number of coughs induced by citric acid, in guinea pigs. The potent relaxant effect of extract and essential oil  that was comparable to that of theophylline activity and inhibited the amyloid β (Aβ), the major cause of Alzheimer. Anticonvulsant effect Flavonoids  and  other  components  of  essential  oil  of  R. damascena such  as geraniol and  eugenol maybe involved  in protecting against epileptic seizures and showed a significant reduction in the mean frequency of seizures in patients using essential  oil  of  the  rose.  Therefore,  the  essential  oil  of  R. damascena has beneficial antiepileptic effect in children with refractory seizures . Anti-HIV effects The  effect of  water and  methanol extracts  of R.  damascena has shown anti-HIV infection activities. Kaempferol 1 and its 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosides  3  and  6  exhibited  the  greatest activity against HIV infection of C8166 cells. Compound 8, a new natural product exhibited some anti-HIV activity, due to the presence of the galloyl moiety since 2-phenylethanol-O-β- D-glucopyranoside was inactive . Glucose lowering effect Oral administration of the  methanol extract of R.  damascena plant  significantly  decreased  blood  glucose.  Anti-diabetic effect  of  this  rose  maybe  mediated  by  inhibition  of  α- glucosidase that suppressed carbohydrate absorption from the small intestine and can reduce the postprandial  glucose level In  addition,  methanol  extract  inhibited  postprandial hyperglycemia  similar  to  of  acarbose.  R.  damascena  is  a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme . Culinary uses Damask roses are used in cooking as a flavoring ingredient or spice.  Rose  water  and  powdered  roses  are  used  in  Middle Eastern  cuisines.  Rose  water  is  often  sprinkled  on  meat dishes, while rose powder is added to sauces. Whole flowers, or  petals,  are  also  used  in  the  herbal  tea  "zuhurat"  or  the flower tea which is very common in Syria and it is believed to have  medicinal  use during  winter  to  fight  cold  and  flu.  In other countries of the Middle East, the most popular use is in the  flavoring  of  desserts  such  as  ice  cream,  jam,  Turkish delights, rice pudding, and yogurt. Western  cuisines  do  not  use  roses  or  their  products  much although  it  was  a  popular  ingredient  in  ancient  times  and continued  to  be  popular  well  into  the  Renaissance.  It  was most  commonly  used  in  desserts,  and  still  is  a  flavor  in traditional desserts.

All about Rosa Damascena ” Rosa Damascena” flower is a kind of roses. There are about 250 species of roses in the whole world. The origin of Rosa damascene was found in Iran for the first time which they called “Gol-Mohammadi”. The flower was then imported to other countries via Damascus and then cultivated in other countries. That is why in English it is called Damask rose. Iran is active in the field of Exporting bulk dried rose buds of Rosa Damascena, and among the cities that can be called the birthplace of roses, we should mention Shiraz and Kashan. Rose buds on the market are usually sold in bulk and the type of Darab Shiraz is especially popular among rose fans. At the present time, this plant is cultivated in Iran (especially in FARS province) for preparing rose water and essential oil. Nowadays, different commercial products are produced from this flowers. They are including: 1. ROSE ESSENTIAL OIL Rose essential oil or liquid gold is expensive yellow pale essential oil that is extracted by different commercial methods and is used in cosmetics industry. It is a volatile oil obtained by distillation of the fresh flowers of R. damascena. The oil is prepared in copper alembic stills by the peasant or in large factories under careful scientific control. Some 3000 parts of flowers yields only one part of oil. The oil is very expensive and very liable to adulteration. The oil is, pale, yellow, and semisolid. The portion which is solid at ordinary temperatures forms about 15-20% and consists of odourless stearoptene containing principally saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (C14-C23 normal paraffins) . Because of the low oil content in R. damascena and the lack of natural and synthetic substitutes, essential rose oil is one of the most expensive ones in the world markets 2. Rose water Rose water or colorless liquid water with common name Golab (in Iran) due to its calming and relaxing properties is used in religious ceremonies like washing the God House in Mecca (Saudi Arabia) and also for flavoring the foods in Iran. It is an abundant product of R. damascena in which contains 10-50% rose oil. The most usage of Rose water is in religious ceremonies. It is used in mosques especially at mourning ceremonies, to calm and relax people. The highest quality rose water is produced in Kashan. Kaaba (God House) in , is washed yearly by unique and special rose water of Kashan. Rose water is also of high value in the food industry and some special foods are prepared using this product 3. Dried flowers The dried buds and petals of rose are sold in groceries as flavor. dried flowers are used as flavoring in tea or even food. Two kinds of dried flowers are produced in . A) Dried bud which is mostly for export. B) Dried petals for different purposes; its major use is for eating, as it can solve problems with digestive system. Some Iranians eat it with yogurt. Another reason for drying petals is to store them when distilleries cannot accept the whole produced flower anymore. They use them later for distillation Rosa damascene is rich in vitamin A, E and C, which are powerful antioxidants with medical properties of the flower that have tremendous benefits for the body. In addition to these vitamins, Rosa damascene contains selenium, magnesium, manganese, and potassium, all of which strengthen the body’s immune system and prevent diseases from overcoming the body. This fragrant flower has many medicinal properties and because of its mild nature, it is suitable for cold-tempered and hot- tempered people and will not interfere with other foods. It continues...

Organic rose Oil and Water is a popular natural ingredient that’s been used for centuries in cosmetics, skincare, and aromatherapy. Made by distilling rose petals, it’s known for its soothing, hydrating, and anti-inflammatory and ...properties. With the rising demand for natural and organic products, organic Rose Oil has become a go-to ingredient for many consumers. If you’re looking for a reliable supplier of organic rosewater, you’ve come to the right place. Our company specializes in providing high-quality organic Rose Oil that’s perfect for use in cosmetics, skincare, and aromatherapy. Whether you’re a small business owner or a DIY enthusiast, our organic Rose oil is the perfect choice for your needs. The plant contains several components such as terpens, glycosides, flavonoids, and anthocyains that have beneficial effects on human health. The 10th century Persian physician, alchemist and philosopher Avicenna (Ibn Sina) chose Damascene rose as his first plant to distill for medical purposes. Iran’s rich heritage of rose cultivation and distillation and our company’s 40 years of expertise are present in each step we take to produce the finest grade rose products, from growing, harvesting to processing. Our Damascene roses are cultivated mainly in the Laleh Zar Mountains surrounded by dry deserts at an exceptionally high elevation of up to 2,700 m above sea level. The climatic conditions found at this altitude are highly favourable for aromatic oil yielding plants and for distillation. Distilling at high altitude allows for lower temperatures and lower pressure for distillation of the aromatic oil, which in turn helps to retain the volatile phytochemicals and aroma compounds in the end product. First Rose Oil For centuries, rose oil has been renowned for its calming and soothing effects. Galbanum oil Fragrance brings the world’s finest First Rose Oil to you. We carefully select the best rose petals and distill them to extract the purest, most aromatic oil. Our First Rose Oil is a superior quality product, perfect for use in skin care, perfumes and aromatherapy. With Galbanum oil Fragrance, you can experience the deep, comforting scent of rose oil and benefit from its natural healing properties. Complete Rose Oil At Galbanum oil Fragrance, we specialize in producing the highest quality complete rose oil. Our process is complex and intricate; we take pride in the fact that it is the most extensive rose oil production method in the world. Our unique approach is based on the traditional methods of steam distillation and using the “direct” oil, which is alcohol-insoluble, as the base. Through repeated distillation (cohobation) of the oily distillation water we extract our alcohol soluble rose oil (“indirect oil”). The “direct” and “indirect” rose oils combined make the “complete rose oil” that can be used in skin care products as well as by perfume makers and in the pharmaceutical industry.

SAFFRON Being one of the reckoned enterprises in the market, we are highly affianced in providing a superior class gamut of Saffron Extract to our patrons. Available at very sensible rates. Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world — with 1 pound (450 grams) costing between $500 and $5,000. The reason for its high price is its labor-intensive harvesting method, which makes its production costly. Saffron is harvested by hand from the Crocus sativus flower, commonly known as the saffron crocus. The term “saffron” applies to the flower’s thread-like structures called stigma. The origin of the saffron plant is Iran. There, it was revered for its medicinal properties. People would eat saffron to enhance libido, boost mood, and improve memory. Here are 11 impressive health benefits of saffron. 1. A powerful antioxidant Saffron contains an impressive variety of plant compounds. These act as antioxidants — molecules that protect your cells against free radicals and oxidative stress. Notable saffron antioxidants include : crocin crocetin Safranal kaempferol have antidepressant properties protect brain cells against progressive damage improve inflammation reduce appetite aid weight loss Safranal gives saffron its distinct taste and aroma. Research shows that it may help improve your mood, memory, and learning ability, as well as protect your brain cells against oxidative stress . 2. Improve mood and treat depressive symptoms 3. Have cancer-fighting properties 4. Reduce PMS symptoms 5. Act as an aphrodisiac 6. Reduce appetite and aid weight loss 7.Other potential health benefits May reduce heart disease risk factors. Animal and test-tube studies indicate that saffron’s antioxidant properties may lower blood cholesterol and prevent blood vessels and arteries from clogging . May lower blood sugar levels. Saffron may lower blood sugar levels and raise insulin sensitivity, as seen in test-tube studies and mice with diabetes . May improve eyesight in adults with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Saffron appears to improve eyesight in adults with AMD and protect against free radical damage, which is linked to AMD . May improve memory in adults with Alzheimer’s disease. Saffron’s antioxidant properties may improve cognition in adults with Alzheimer’s disease . 11. Easy to add to your diet VARIETIES OF SAFFRON: A CULINARY JOURNEY ACROSS THE WORLD Saffron, the prized spice derived from the Crocus sativus flower, known as the saffron crocus, unfolds a diverse tapestry of flavors and aromas. As we explore the world of saffron, it becomes apparent that the primary distinctions among varieties are often rooted in the region or country of cultivation. THE RICH MOSAIC OF SAFFRON VARIETIES IRANIAN (PERSIAN) SAFFRON – A GLOBAL STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE Region: Iran Iran holds the title of one of the largest global producers of saffron. The saffron from Iran is celebrated for its rich color and bold flavor. Variations may arise from different regions within Iran, adding nuance and diversity to this highly regarded variety. SPANISH SAFFRON – A SYMPHONY OF COLOR AND AROMA Region: La Mancha, Spain Renowned for its intense color and captivating aroma, Spanish saffron, particularly from the La Mancha region, stands as a benchmark of high quality. The saffron threads from this region bring a vibrant hue and robust fragrance to culinary creations. KASHMIRI SAFFRON – DARK RED THREADS AND DISTINCTIVE FLAVOR Region: Kashmir Valley, India Grown in the picturesque Kashmir Valley in India, Kashmiri saffron boasts dark red threads and a distinctive flavor. This variety is highly prized in culinary applications, adding a touch of uniqueness to dishes. GREEK SAFFRON – A FLAVORFUL GIFT FROM GREECE Region: Greece Greece contributes to the saffron tapestry with its own variety valued for both its flavor and coloring properties. Greek saffron brings a distinctive taste to dishes and reflects the country's rich culinary heritage. ITALIAN SAFFRON – AROMATIC ELEGANCE FROM ABRUZZO Region: Abruzzo, Italy Italy, particularly in regions like Abruzzo, produces saffron known for its high-quality threads and aromatic properties. Italian saffron adds an elegant touch to dishes, elevating the culinary experience. MOROCCAN SAFFRON – A FLAVORFUL GEM FROM NORTH AFRICA